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The role of fructose in hepatic fat accumulation
Justrová, Marie ; Kovář, Jan (advisor) ; Malínská, Hana (referee)
One of the metabolic disorders with an increasing incidence is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is characterized by pathological accumulation of fat in the liver. According to some authors, excessive fructose consumption plays an important role in its pathogenesis. The thesis aims to interpret published findings of the relationship between fructose intake and fat deposition in the liver. In the first part the fructose metabolism is described and compared with the glucose metabolism. The other effects of fructose on fat, carbohydrate and nucleotide metabolism are mentioned. This is followed by definition of the term NAFLD, description of various stages and clinical characterization of the disease. In the final part of the thesis the results of studies concerned with the role of excessive fructose consumption in NAFLD development are summarized. Excessive consumption of fructose by healthy subjects during isocaloric diet doesn't result in hepatic fat accumulation due to effective compensatory mechanisms. However, the role of fructose in hypercaloric diet in the increase of hepatic fat content hasn't been definitely explained yet. It seems that excessive caloric intake per se is more important than the effect of fructose or its metabolites. More pronounced rise in hepatic fat content...
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Insulin resistance and postprandial state in type 2 diabetes. The effect of meal frequency and composition on glucose metabolism and other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome
Thieme, Lenka ; Pelikánová, Terezie (advisor) ; Kunešová, Marie (referee) ; Šmahelová, Alena (referee)
The project focuses on dietary interventions in type 2 diabetes(T2D). The aim was to investigate how glucose metabolism and other manifestations of insulin resistance should be influenced by a) the composition of macronutrients and b) frequency of meals; and to characterize the possible mechanisms of these dietary interventions in patients with T2D. A. In a randomized crossover study, 50 patients T2D and 50 age-matched healthy subjects underwent in a random order meal tolerance tests with three isocaloric meals (vegan sandwich; V-meal, hamburger; M-meal, or cheese sandwich; S-meal. Blood samples for analysis were taken at time 0 and after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after meal ingestion. Plasma concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, lipids, oxidative stress markers and gastrointestinal hormones (GIHs) were investigated. Both basal and postprandial plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin were significantly higher in patients with T2D (p<0.001); basal and postprandial concentrations of almost all other GIHs (except for ghrelin) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly increased (p<0.001), while ascorbic acid, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity were decreased in patients with T2D compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). The meal rich...
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